| 摘要： 一、落葉果樹栽培技術（一）本計畫為建立降低冬季低需冷性需求之技術、選育適合台灣低海拔地區種植之低需冷量果樹作物新品種、選育生育期短之早熟新品種、開發生產早熟果實的關鍵技術及建立避開天然災害之技術，穩定生產。開發對葡萄植株沒有毒性與環境友善的打破休眠處理技術，維護果農與環境安全；建立台灣南部無子葡萄生產系統，利用冬季溫暖的地理優勢，生產3-5月的早熟葡萄，在地生產，提高進口葡萄替代率。預期將台灣可生產高接梨產期由最早4月底提前1個月至3月底，枇杷可調節於正常產期外生產。 （二）4年生單株斜幹交叉V型密植栽培「台農3號-春豐」水蜜桃果園，於秋季進行3種不同化學落葉劑處理，誘導植株落葉與休眠，落葉效果以5%尿素最快、最好。同一修剪時期以不同落葉藥劑處理，均有提早採收的效果。平地水蜜桃進行不同溫度貯藏試驗，結果顯示在2周與3周貯放，均以0℃果實硬度較高(3周:0.832kg/cm2)，3℃則居於中間，而5℃與10℃則明顯變軟(0.0.371-0.368kg/cm2)；可溶性固形物部分則差異不大 (9.0 。 Brix-7.8 。 Brix)。兩周出庫後室溫貯放3日以0℃較佳(5.6分)，3度下居次(3.9分)；3周貯放出庫後當天評判口感以10℃為最佳，3日則以3度較佳(3.3分)，原因則為0℃貯放下有果肉粉質劣變(酥鬆、棉毛化)情形。試用完全成熟之水蜜桃以1-MCP 1ppm薰蒸4小時，結果顯示模擬香港出口有其效用。桃流膠病之供試菌株，分別為分離自南投縣名間鄉之Botryosphaeria dothidea (BD-1) 與彰化縣福興鄉之Lasiodiplodia theobromae (LT-1)，經接種試驗確認此兩種病菌皆會造成桃流膠病。（三）葡萄是臺灣中部地區重要經濟果樹，雖然栽培管理技術成熟發展出多種產期調節模 式，但近年因氣候變遷導致生產區域微氣候變化大，生產面臨之問題為轉色不良，品質不穩定。試驗利用葉面積儀調查結果枝葉面積，探討亞熱帶氣候條件葡萄巨峰結果枝葉面積指數與產量、品質相關性，進而建立品質預測指標，作為田間栽培 管理調整之依據。二、柑橘（一）柑橘為台灣栽培面積最廣且產值最高的果樹，然而，許多柑橘種類易有嚴重的生理障礙或病害，使售價受限導致柑橘農友的收益無法獲得改善。有鑑於此，確保柑橘農友能獲得最新栽培關鍵技術、取得正確而有用的產業資訊等均十分重要，並使農友據以隨時調整管理模式，提升農友在競爭市場中存活。本研究以探討造成椪柑果肉乾粒化之因子，並調查環境、栽培因子和樹體生理特性對乾粒化比率的影響。在文旦方面，擬進行採收集貨及後續的處理流程等，對果實品質之影響。（二）北部地區茂谷柑栽培面積約200公頃，為重要柑橘品項之一，具豐產優質價高等特色。惟因高產，施肥不當常發生樹勢衰弱，且皮薄易發生裂果落果，目前肥培推薦量以作物施肥手冊之柑橘推薦量增加20~50%不夠明確，有待進行試驗確認合適之氮鉀肥施肥量及葉面施肥技術，以降低裂果率及提高品質，並維持樹勢以延長生產週期。 茂谷柑果實發育期容易裂果，部分研究顯示與環境因子及營養不平衡有關，非單一因素造成。本計畫擬經由地區果園氣象資料調查，分析氣候因子與裂果之相關性，並經由有機質肥料及疏果處理，增加土壤緩衝能力及控制產量以減少養份競爭，探討其對減少裂果發生之效果。 （三）建立麻豆紅柚果實生育資料、疏果及套袋等技術，穩定產量及提昇果實品質，以強化產業之競爭力。龍眼部分，將探討'潤蒂'龍眼、'粉殼'龍眼修剪時間對後續枝條更新之生育情形，以建立枝梢選留、最適矮化及修剪操作之操作曆等龍眼枝條管理關鍵技術，以提高龍眼品質，強化產業之競爭力。紅龍果部分將進行不同套袋之比較與改良，藉以提高紅龍果品質，建立優質紅龍果套袋栽培技術。（四）麻豆文旦為花蓮地區最重要的果樹產業，本計畫以花蓮地區麻豆文旦果樹為試驗材料，進行早春時期地面覆蓋處理研究，用以促進植株生育，穩定產量，以協助地區產業之發展。本計畫期望能開發東部地區麻豆文旦栽培技術改進項目1項，保障農民收益。（五）利用不同顏色之網罩包覆臍橙植株，探討其對有害生物(野生動物及病蟲害)之防範效果與對臍橙株植生育及果實產量與品質之影響，期能應用於有機果園，減少有害生物之危害，穩定產量及提高果實品質，以提高果農收益並友善果園之生態環境。（六）金柑為宜蘭地區最具特色之重要經濟果樹與連續採收作物之一，希藉本研究比較設施栽培內不同品種生長及產量差異，評估金柑在台灣進行設施網室栽培及新品種更新之可行性及效益。 三、肥培與土壤管理（一）追蹤與調查各地區之重點經濟作物葉片分析服務之結果，應用土壤葉片分析作物營養診斷服務及農試所土壤調查與土壤資訊庫，建立不同土壤之養分之管理策略，發展土壤與植體營養診斷技術，鑑認與克服關鍵生產問題，提升土壤葉片分析服務之 效益 。推廣新修施肥手冊促進合理化施肥，補充調整施肥手冊，使內容充實及實用化。（二）農業有機副產物經由適當的堆積腐熟過程製作成有機肥料而施用於農田，以改善農田土壤肥力，已經是消納農業有機副產物最適當方式之一。如能正確地在農田合理施用有益微生物及有機肥料等，不僅可以提升農田地力，且有利於作物生長與增進產能。本研究目的為探討施用有益微生物及不同有機肥料對百香果生長、產量與土壤肥力特性之影響效益，主要試驗有機肥料為牛糞及蔗渣堆肥，複合有益菌包括木黴菌及放線菌，105年計畫第一年試驗結果顯示，在使用有益微生物處理下，施用全量堆肥(20 t/ha)及半量化學肥料(N-P2O5-K2O =150-75-300 kg/ha)較適用百香果施肥用量參考。本年度試驗處理包括第一年試驗結果之驗證及宿根栽培處理(RA)不加菌、牛糞堆肥20 t/ha、化學肥料100% (N-P2O5-K2O =300-150-600 kg/ha)；(RB)牛糞堆肥10 t/ha、複合有機質肥料(N-P2O 5 -K2O-OM =6-3-10-40%)4.0 t/ha；(C)牛糞堆肥10 t/ha、複合有機質肥料(N-P2O5-K2O-OM =6-3-10-40%)2.0 t/ha，建立有機複合肥應用於百香果宿根栽培之合理化施肥技術。 （三）依據土壤營養診斷分析結果，臺東地區許多番荔枝果園有土壤酸性至強酸性土壤及營養失調問題，因此擬利用合理化施肥技術建立臺東地區重點作物-番荔枝養分管理模式（包括施肥量、施肥方法等），分析資料可作為重編作物施肥手冊之參考資料。紅龍果為新興之熱門栽種果樹，蠅翼草、馬蹄金及假儉草等於日照充足之紅龍果果園可迅速覆蓋果園地表，抑制雜草生長，減少割草次數，本試驗將測試這些草種在紅龍果果園快速覆蓋的方式，並調查其對土壤肥力及水分之影響，以後續推廣於臺東地區紅龍果園果園草生栽培之使用。（四）建立紅棗產區土壤資訊，作物施肥量推薦與植體營養診斷標準。結合土壤資訊系統之土壤分析資料，氣候、作物生育期、水分管理等因子，區分土壤管理組，解決傳統施肥推薦量未能充分反應地區環境差異、產量與品質之問題。擴編肥料施用資訊，增加作物品質與主要、次要及微量元素，葉面施肥、養液栽培方法，強化作物健康管理。（五）開發坡地土壤及性質不良土壤等施肥不易及養分吸收不足之坡地果樹的營養補充技術，開發弱勢植株復育之速效性補充配方。另外，開發坡地果樹肥灌系統。1. 配合果樹均衡之營養需求，生產施肥不易果園於不同時期果樹使用之速效性營養補充包，以利農民於果樹生長期間之營養補充用。預期可提升果實糖度1-2度,良率提升10-15%。2. 坡地果樹肥灌系統之開發，可減少肥料流失，預計可減少化肥施用量10%以上。3. 由於諸多農地屬於施肥不易之坡地，抑或土壤性質不良之果園，往往造成果樹對養分的吸收不良，致生產力低，倘使能於適當時機供應予均衡的養分，將使果樹對各種養分的吸收不虞匱乏，並提升其生產品質及良率，不論對果樹產業、經濟與社會發展均具正面效益。 四、栽培技術改進（一）藉由覆蓋及果實不同發育期斷根等處理，穩定土壤水分含量並減少植株根系水分吸收，以降低宜蘭地區蓮霧裂果率及提升果實品質。在病蟲害防治方面，於梅雨季前利用非農藥資材與提早套袋技術，增加良果率及減少化學農藥使用量，以增進農民收益，保障消費者健康。（二）紅龍果是一種具有特殊風味、色澤艶麗且多汁的熱帶水果，在臺灣深具市場潛力。紅龍果因生育強健適合採用有機栽培。但由於紅龍果花苞易產生蜜露導致果實發生煤煙病，而影響果皮外觀，增加栽培管理難度。因此，本計畫研究利用不同程度氮肥處理對紅龍果花苞與果實蜜露產生之影響，以及利用次氯酸水減少煤煙病發生。（三）本計畫為加強臺東地區果樹生產技術與品質改進，針對轄區內特色果樹之育種及栽培技術進行相關試驗研究，包括番荔枝育種、番荔枝果實及花粉貯藏方法、鳳梨釋迦砧木試驗及福利蒙疏果試驗等，期能運用番荔枝育種與相關栽培技術，提升並穩定釋迦、鳳梨釋迦與福利蒙之產量與品質，以供農友利用並確保農民收益。五、果樹有機、無農藥栽培（一）近年來有機農業逐漸成為研發之重點，在品種選育、栽培管理模式及技術之建立方面，多集中於水稻及蔬菜；而果樹及雜糧作物之投入則稍微不足。本計畫第一階段聚焦於選育有機水稻品系(至101年度)及利用改善種苗狀態以降低鳳梨果園的生產成本，已開發有機鳳梨種苗繁殖技術(至103年度)，並尋求落實之方法(至106年度)。本年度為落實有機鳳梨種苗繁殖技術實用化之第3年，其做法為持續在有機鳳梨種苗培育及栽植前處理技術有償授權農場舉辦示範觀摩會。為提升鳳梨果農之收益，同時研發有機鳳梨果實加值利用之技術，並探討與有機甘藷組合成新型態有機加工品的可行性。為促進有機甘藷產業之發展，陸續針對甘藷田間雜草防治及肥培管理試驗，期能提高栽培技術之研發。（二）本計畫以花蓮地區重要園藝作物麻豆文旦與金柑為試驗材料，進行亞磷酸對麻豆文旦生育影響以及設施金柑有機栽培施肥技術試驗研究，預期可以開發東部地區麻豆文旦與金柑有機栽培技術共2項，維護有機栽培園藝作物產量與品質，提高農民收益。（三）為建構生態豐富的農田環境，本計畫預計藉由原生地被植物營造技術，完成生物多樣性與生態系統服務健全之文旦柚田區，以達成增加天敵棲所、維持害蟲管理、改善土壤性質、減少除草成本、增進果實產量和品質。本計畫為評估多樣化植被對果園各面向造成的影響，除了評估果實蠅和其天敵的動態之外，並且透過長期的調查評估對於土壤和果實產量之影響，以開發一套永續生態系統服務果園應用之技術。（四）臺東地區有機果園面積約200公頃，多數有機農友之肥培管理為施用有機質肥料及自製有機液肥，但仍有不足之處。本研究擬調查已篩選之土壤有益微生物，評估於微生物液肥製作之可行性，於製作微生物液肥後，進行營養元素含量分析，並進行葉菜類作物植栽試驗後，進行有機果園應用試驗，做為臺東地區有機果園肥培管理之依據。六、發展6大類土地利用類型可以套用於原住民農業生產，兼具環境永續與經濟效益的原住民農業生產模式、栽培技術。結合16個部落文化經由分析與規劃原住民農產品生產組織及行銷平台概況並協助規劃輔導策略，以活絡部落農產業經濟。擴展本所輔導原住民部落農業面積，經由點、線、面的策略模式。一、Temperate fruit trees（一）To be developed technology establish a technology to reduce the demand for low cold demand in winter, breeding for low-altitude areas of Taiwan's low-demand cultivation of new varieties of fruit crops, breeding short maturity of the new varieties, development and production of key technologies of early fruit and to establish a technology to avoid natural disasters, stable production. To develop a non-toxic and environment-friendly dormancy treatment technology for grape plants, to maintain fruit grower and environmental safety; to establish a southern grape-free production system in southern Taiwan, using the warm geographical advantage in winter to produce early-maturing grapes from March to May; Production, improve the import substitution rate of grapes. Taiwan is expected to produce high pear yield from the end of April as early as the end of 1 month to the end of March, loquat can be adjusted in the normal production outside the period.（二）Four year old Tainung No. 3 –'Chuenfeng' peach orchard with high density V double opposite tree planting system were using fall applications of 3 chemical defoliants. Trees treated with 5%urea solution had the best effect on inducing leaf defoliation and tree dormancy. The effects of 3 chemical defoliants at same pruning time could harvest earlier. In order to alleviate storage time of peach, differential temperature for postharvest handling like low temperature storage by two to three weeks had been approached. Storage in 0℃ peach had higher hardness(0.832kg/cm2) than 3℃ to 10℃. There were no differential between total soluble sugar(TSS). Tasting score for two weeks storage , 0℃ is better than others. 10℃ is better than others for three weeks storage but didn't maintain well quality until three days later. 0℃ storage induced woolly breakdown and significantly reduce tasting score. 1-MCP approaching in fully mature could maintain hardness by imitating export to Hongkong (storage for 1 week). The inoculation test confirmed these two pathogens Botryosphaeria dothidea (BD-1) and Lasiodiplodia theobromae (LT-1) caused the peach gummosis disease. he development of V double opposite trees production system can increase fruit yield per hectare. By using the techniques such as reasonable fertilization, growth regulation of new flushes at summer and autumn, and dormancy induction and release, new production system will stabilize the fruitfulness orchard in plain area, also harvest season could be advanced so that growers will have good profit. This yeare the comparision on management efficiency between convention and high density planting system, the causes of peach gummosis disease, and the cold-strage technique will be performed.（三）Grape is an important economic fruit in the central Taiwan. The well cultivation and management techniques to develop a variety of off-season production models, but in recent years that micro-climate change in the production area has been caused by climate change. The production problems are poor color and quality unstable . The correlation among leaf area index , yield and quality of Kyoho grape in subtropical conditions was studied by using the leaf area survey, and then the quality prediction index was established, and to adjust field practice on this basis.二、Citrus（一）Citrus are most in quantities, most valuable fruit trees in Taiwan. But there are many kinds of citrus, some of them have more serious physical barriers or disease. Consequently the prices of them are limited and the farm income of the citrus farmers wouldn't be able to be improved. Therefore, it's really necessary for the owners of the citrus farms to hold the key point of getting the latest cultivation techniques, correct and useful information to adapt their management so that they can survive in market competition. This study to attempt discussion the factors of resulting ponkan mandarin fruit granulation, and investigation the effect of environmental, cultivation factors and physiological characteristics. （二）In the northern part of the country, the 'Murcott' cultivated area is about 200 hectares. It is one of the most important citrus fruits with high yield and high quality. However, due to high yield, poorly fertilizer management is often occur tree weak, and the skin is prone to cracking fruit drop fruit, the current recommended amount of fertilizer to crop manual citrus recommended amount increased by 20-50% is not clear enough to be tested to confirm the appropriate amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and leaf fertilization techniques to reduce the rate of fruit split and improve quality, and maintain tree vigor to extend the production cycle. Citrus cultivar of Murcott tangor is prone to a preharvest physiological disorder, known as fruit splitting. The incidence of this disorder has been related to environmental and mineral nutrition parameters, but no single factor has been characterized as responsible for it. The objective of this project is to examine the relationship between environmental parameters and splitting in local orchard. It will also investigate the effects of organic matter and thinning on fruit splitting in murcott tangor. （三）In order to stabilize the yield and to improve the fruit of pomelo ( Citrus grandisOsbeck cv. ‘Matou Hongyu’). Data base of fruit growth were collected, fruit thining and fruit bagging were also involved in the practice. this may increase its competitiveness.We tried to find the best time of pruning for the growth of new shoots of longan. Shoot selection and dwarfing of the trees will be used to develop a good cultivation practice for the farmers to increase the competitiveness of longan industry.In order to improve the fruit quality of pitaya, various kinds of bagging material and bagging methods will be tested in this study. （四）Wentan pomelo is the most important fruit tree in Hualien county. The purpose of this project is to improve cultivation techniques of wentan pomelo by ground mulch in early spring. It is expected that the cultivatural technique will be developed for the further development of fruit industry in Hualien area. （五）The protective effects of different colors covering nets on the wild animals, pests and diseases and their effects on the growth of plants and fruit yield and quality of navel orange were studied. It is hoped that it will be applied to organic orchards, reduce the harm of harmful organisms, stabilize the yield and improve the fruit quality, so as to improve the fruit farmers' income and the ecological environment of friendly orchards. （六）Establishments of net-house cultivation, grafting, pruning and training model of new kumquat cultivars, kumquat is one of the most important fruit industry in Yilan. The purposes in this study are to compare the yield and fruit quality of different cultivars in the net-house facility and to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness to promote the new cultivars. 三、Fertilizer and soil management（一）For the purpose of crop fertilizer recommendation, we combine the soil analysis data of soil information system based on soil management group. The soil and leaf nutrient content was monitored to establish diagnostic criteria for plant nutrition. The results were used to revised the manual of crop fertilization. It will resolve the short of traditional fertilization recommendation, respond adequately to regional environmental difference, yield and quality of issues. （二）Using the advantages of soil survey and soil information database developed by Agricultural Research Institute, the project will createand upgrade new management strategies of soil nutrient in different soils and areas cultivating key economic fruits. It includes there search and development of soil and plant nutrient diagnosis and revise fertilizer recommendation of different fruit crops in update dedition of fertilizer manual. Thus,“the rational use of fertilizer”could be well realized and implemented to help farmers better ues of soil information database and fertilizer manual. （三）The application of organic wastes as a source of fertilizer for farmland has been popularly used and recognized as a workable method in agricultural waste management. In terms of increasing soil fertility and yield of crops, the application amounts and methods of beneficial microorganisms and organic fertilizers should be assessed and ensured before use. The objective of this research is to assess the effects of the growth of passion fruit ( Passiflora edulis) and soil fertility on the application of beneficial microorganisms and organic fertilizers. The main organic materials are dairy manure and bagasse compost. The beneficial microorganisms consist ofTrichodermasp. andStreptomycessp. The results of 2016 showed that the application of cattle waste compost (20t/ha) and 50% chemical fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O =150-75-300 kg/ha) inoculation with beneficial microorganisms with 20 L/ha/2 months was suitable for passion fruit. The experiments this year include verification of the results of the first year and integration the rational fertilization technique of perennial cultivation, which is conducted with (RA) cattle waste compost (20 t/ha) and 100% chemical fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O =300-150-600 kg/ha), (RB) cattle waste compost (20 t/ha) and organic compound fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O-OM =6-3-10-40%) 4.0 t/ha, and (RC) cattle waste compost (10 t/ha) and organic compound fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O-OM =6-3-10-40%) 2.0 t/ha.（四）According to the result of soil nutrient diagnosis, many sugar apple orchards have the problems of acidic soil and nutrient deficiency in Taitung district. In the study, reasonable fertilization technique will be used to build the nutrient management model of sugar apple and analysis data will be the reference for re-edition of the book of crop fertilization management. Pitaya is the popular fruit tree for planting recently. Desmodium triflorum, Dichondra repens and Ercmochloa ophiuroides can cover the surface on the pitaya orchard quickly under the sunshine and can inhibit weeds growth, reduce mowing frequency. This study will test fast growing methods of those grass in the pitaya orchard, and investigate their influence of soil fertility and moisture. The result will promote sod culture in the pitaya orchard in Taitung area.（五）This studies is conducted to evaluate the effect s of rapis nutrients supplement on the fruit trees cultivated on the slopeland and poor soil properties. And the improvement of weak fruit trees by rapid nutrients supplement. On the other hand, the fertilizers is supplied to the root for rapid absorption. The predicted results are as below: (1)the sugar degree of friuits will be increased for 1-2 °Brix, and the yield will be increased up to 10%. (2)the amount of chemical fertilizers will be decreased up to 10%. (3)the overall evaluation of rapid supplement on the production of the fruit trees. 四、Cultivation improvement（一）In order to reduce fruit splitting rate of wax apple and increase the quality of fruit in Yilan area, I shall try to steady the soil moisture and decrease the water uptake through the root system by covering method and root pruning treatment at different stages of fruit development. In terms of diseases and pests control, I shall purpose to increase the fruit salability and decrease the utilization of pesticide by using non-pesticide materials and bagging technique before the rainy season [Mei-Yu]. Finally, it is crucial for my purpose to increase the yields of farmers and ensure the health of consumers. （二）Pitaya was a tropical fruit, which had specific flavor, color and strong vigor, so it could adopt organic farming. But, the honeydew of flower bud was problem in pitaya cultivation and management. It could cause the sooty mould in pitaya. Therefore, this project will study the effects of the honeydew formation of flower buds and fruit on different nitrogen fertilizer and hypochlorite water to reduce the sooty mould in pitaya. （三）The project is in order to enhance the productive technology and quality improvement of fruits, especially in breeding and cultivation technology of characteristically fruit in Taitung region. The research includes hybrid technology of superior Annona varieties, the storage technology of Annona fruits, the storage technology of Annona pollens, the rootstock of atemoya characteristic, and the effect of fremont fruit thinning etc. we hope to upgrade and stabilize the production and quality of sugar apple, atemoya and fremont fruits for farmers’ utilization and income level up. 五、Qrganic cultural and non-chemical control technology（一）The agriculture research is focusing on the organic farming lately. Most of the organic crop breeding, cultivation management and technology research are on rice and vegetables, but not fruits and grain crops. The first stage of this study were organic rice breeding (till 2012) and pineapple propagation improvement research for reducing planting cost (till 2017). It’s the third year of this study, continuing the pineapple propagation improvement and pre-planting treatment techniques research in the specific organic pineapple farm. To increasing the organic pineapple farmer's income and the value of the pineapple processing products. To improvement the organic cultivation of sweet potato industry, the experiment to research for weed prevention and fertilizer management with field of cultivation techniques. （二）The effect of phosphonate salts on wentan pomelo, and the integrative organic cultural technology test of kumquat will be carried out. It is expected to have 2 organic techniques for wentan pomelo, and kumquat to be established. （三）Biodiversity is a key point that maintain ecological balance in agricultural ecosystem which enhanced by keeping diversity plants on the pomelo orchard. This study focus on habitat manipulation in orchard for supporting ecosystem service such as pest control, weed control, soil propertied improvement, and increasing fruit quality. On the other hand, the landscape is a kind of culture service as well. the data should be recorded sequentially for 3 years for evaluating long-term effect. Technology for buliding an ecosystem service orchard by ground cover plants should be developed for maintain a sustainable pomelo farmland. （四）There are about 200 hectares organic orchard in Taitung area. Most organic farmers applicated organic fertilizers and homemade liquid fertilizer for soil fertilization management, but there were still shortcomings. This study will investigate the beneficial soil microbes that have been screened, assess the feasibility of the production of microbial liquid fertilizer. Nutritional element content will be analysed after production of microbial liquid fertilizer. We will test in leafy crop and organic orchard. The data will be an organic orchard soil fertilization management basis in Taitung area. |
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